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the Bystander Effect: The Potential Ripple Effect of Cancer Radiation It was previously thought that the adverse effects of one of the only legally sanctioned standards of care for cancer patients, were due only to the damage incurred by genetic material secondary to energy deposition of ionizing radiation (1). This notion, however, was refuted by evidence that healthy cells exhibit the effects of radiation exposure when transferred to a medium in which irradiated cells were incubated (2) or when they merely reside in the same vicinity of previously irradiated cells (3), and that patients administered radiotherapy show abscopal effects, or the effects of radiotherapy even in organs distant from the site of radiation (4, 5, 6).
The Bystander Effect
Biophotons as a Central Player Taken cumulatively, this evidence points to a phenomenon dubbed the radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) (1). However, the vehicle through which the bystander effect is conveyed long remained to be elucidated. Recently, though, research has implicated photons of liight as the mechanism through which the signaling occurs (18). A revolutionary revelation in the past century is that organisms, at a macroscopic level, and cells, at a microscopic level, communicate through the medium of weak electromagnetic waves known as ultra-weak photons or biophotons. First called mitogenic rays by the Russian scientist Alexander Gavrilovich Gurwitsch in the early twentieth century due to their propensity to induce cellular proliferation in nearby unexposed cells (19), biophotons �have been observed in bacteria, fungi ,germinating seeds, plants, animal tissue cultures, and different parts of the human body, including the brain� (20). The electromagnetic transmission of cellular information by these packets of photonic energy was first demonstrated almost forty years ago by a researcher in the Soviet Union named Vlail Kaznacheyev (21). He divided cell cultures into two quartz containers segregated by a thin optical quartz window, and then subjected cells in one of the apparatus to ionizing radiation (21). Although the other sample did not receive any radiation exposure due to complete environmental shielding, the cells in the unirradiated culture died within twelve hours as a result of absorption of ultraviolet photons from the irradiated cells on the other side of the optical window (21).
>Biophotons as a Central Player
Biophotons: A Mechanism Connecting Human Consciousness to Light Despite the innovations of human intelligence and advancements in neuroscience, the origin of consciousness and subjective experience itself remains elusive and uncharted territory. Our knowledge of the mechanisms through which anesthesia functions, as well as the processes responsible for establishment of memory and conscious perception are rudimentary at best (25). Because biophotons have been found in the brain and are hypothesized to be quintessential to neurological activity, scientists are exploring the possibility that neurons communicate via photonic emissions in addition to the classic electro-chemical signaling comprised of neural impulses and neurotransmitters (20). Biophotons are optimal candidates, as �They travel tens of millions of times faster than a typical electrical neural signal and are not prone to thermal noise at body temperature owing to their relatively high energies. It is conceivable that evolution might have found a way to utilize these precious high-energy resources for information transfer� (25).
> A Mechanism Connecting Human Consciousness to Light